The Marshall Court - 1518 Words

The life of every American citizen, whether they realize it or not, is influenced by one entity--the United States Supreme Court. This part of government ensures that the freedoms of the American people are protected by checking the laws that are passed by Congress and the actions taken by the President. While the judicial branch may have developed later than its counterparts, many of the powers the Supreme Court exercises required years of deliberation to perfect. In the early years of the Supreme Court, one man’s judgement influenced the powers of the court systems for years to come. John Marshall was the chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835, and as the only lasting Federalist influence in a newly Democratic-Republican†¦show more content†¦The establishment of one of the most influential powers of the Supreme Court--the power of judicial review-- and the development of the judicial branch can be attributed to Marshall’s insightful interpretati on of the Constitution (The Marshall Court†). In addition to saving the integrity of the Federalist-dominated Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison, John Marshall also promoted certain Federalist principles, including the idea of a strong national government. From the years when the Constitution was being created, Alexander Hamilton fought for the creation of a national bank since he believed it was â€Å"necessary and proper† for the growth and development of the United States (â€Å"The Marshall Court†). As Hamilton and the Federalist Party had hoped, a national bank was created and one of its branches was placed in Baltimore, Maryland. State legislators from Maryland were not satisfied with the progress the bank was making because the negligent behavior of its bank officials was bringing the bank under (Newmyer, 295). To save their citizens from having to deal with the bank’s faulty leadership, the legislators attempted to drive the branch out of the state by placing a tax on all the banknotes i ssued by the bank. When the tax was purposely left unpaid, Maryland sued the cashier of the bank--James McCulloch. In the state courts, Maryland won its case,Show MoreRelatedJohn Marshall Supreme Court Case Essay618 Words   |  3 PagesOne Supreme Court member that stands out from the rest would have to be John Marshall. There is no doubt about this because he made the Supreme Court a co-equal branch of government. This means that it was an equal branch to the legislative and the executive. 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She believes the court is downgradingRead MoreMajor Supreme Court Cases Under Judge John Marshall1482 Words   |  6 Pagesdecisions made by Supreme Court chief justice John Marshall have had a major influence on todays Judiciary System. One of his major decisions was in the case Marbury v. Madison, in which he set the precedent of judicial review. Another major decision is in the case McCulloch v. Maryland, in this case Marshall ruled that Congress possesses certain implied powers. Other major decisions made by Marshall were in the cases Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden, in which Marshall defined national powerRead More John Marshall: The Most Influential Ch ief Justice of the Supreme Court646 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Marshall: The Most Influential Chief Justice of the Supreme Court In the beginning years of the United States Constitution, the Supreme Court was a struggling institution due to the lack of effectiveness of the Chief Justices and was not highly regarded by the executive and legislative branches of the government. The third Chief Justice in only twelve years, John Marshall put an end to the Supreme Court’s lack of influence after his appointment by President John Adams in 1801. JohnRead MoreJohn Marshall: The Man who Saved the Supreme Court and the Nation2463 Words   |  10 Pages† John Marshall, fourth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court certainly did, from witnessing the birth of our country, to serving as the longest tenured Chief Justice in Supreme Court History. In a span of just under two years, he went from serving as a member of Congress, representing Virginias 13th District, to serving as the nations fourth Secretary of State, to being appointed the fourth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, Janu ary. It Begins John Marshall was bornRead More Major Supreme Court Cases Under Judge John Marshall Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesdecisions made by Supreme Court chief justice John Marshall have had a major influence on today’s Judiciary System. One of his major decisions was in the case Marbury v. Madison, in which he set the precedent of judicial review. Another major decision is in the case McCulloch v. Maryland, in this case Marshall ruled that Congress possesses certain implied powers. Other major decisions made by Marshall were in the cases Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. 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Marshall’s initial rise to fame came as a result of his success as the head lawyer for the Brown family in Brown vs. The Board of Education. Later, Marshall was appointed to the Supreme Court, making him the first ever African American Supreme Court Justice inRead MoreThurgood Marshall Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesThurgood Marshall was a great African American Civil Rights activist who changed a lot of lives in the United States. As a passionate lawyer and prominent Supreme Court justice he fought for Civil Rights and social justice in the courts and believed that racial integration is best for all schools. Very early in his professional life Marshall broke down racial barriers and overcame resistance despite the odds. He then became a role model of the disciplined leader, although he didn’t have theRead MoreThe Great Chief Justice : John Marshall And The Rule Of Law848 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Chief Justice: John Marshall and the Rule of Law by Charles F. Hobson examines the judicial career of John Marshall, as well as the legal culture that helped to shape his political beliefs and his major constituti onal opinions. The author sources much of his information from the formal opinions that Marshall issued during his judicial career. From these writings, Hobson presents Marshall s views on law and government and provides explanations for what in Marshall s life influenced those

Market Process The Key Economic Problem - 878 Words

The market process attempts to solve the key economic problem. The key economic problem being; what to produce? How much to produce? And who receives the product? The market process addresses this problem by letting firms know what is demanded by consumers; hence, firms will produce the good that is demanded. The price dictates who should receive the product and in due course let firms know how much of the good should be produced. However, the market process may not allocate the optimal amount of resources for certain products as it only considers factors which are internal to it e.g. healthcare. The market process does not account for externalities which maybe positive or negative. Therefore certain goods are over produced or over consumed whilst others are under produced or under consumed. Therefore, in certain cases the market process does not meet the needs of people. Overall, I believe the pros of the market process outweigh the cons and therefore I agree with the statement. The price mechanism allows the price to change following a change in demand and/or supply. The price will rise or fall until supply equals demand. Therefore, the price mechanism allows the market to clear up shortages or surpluses. Ceteris paribus translates to ‘other things being equal’. This concept is used when analysing the effect of change in one variable on a second variable because in reality it is difficult to hold all but one variable constant. Imperfect competition is when anShow MoreRelatedBusiness Strategy And Managing Changing Environmental Standards, Sustainable Business Initiatives And Global Market Conditions1596 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Initiatives and Global Market Conditions Index Sr. No. Description Annexure Page No. 1. Introduction A 02 - 03 2. Key Points B 03 – 06 3. Marketing Sustainability C 07 4. Conclusion D 08 5. 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Investment Report of Gulf Cement Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Investment Report of Gulf Cement Company. Answer: Introduction Gulf Cement Company is a company which is engaged in the manufacturing business of cement. The company operates in United Arab Emirates and also has major portion of the business there. The company is claimed to be the largest producer of cement in UAE and is estimated to have a production capacity of 2.5 million tons of cement which shows that the business is engaged in large scale production of cement. As per the requirement of the assignment, an analysis of ratio is to be done for the company on order to judge the financial performance of the company in comparison with the industry average (Delen, Kuzey Uyar, 2013). The different ratios are analysed on the basis of long-term debt paying ability ratio, profitability ratio, investor analysis. Long Term Debt Paying Ability Ratio Long-Term Debt Paying Ability ratio refers to the companys ability to meet the debts of the company. In other words, such types of ratios are associated with the debt servicing and paying capability of the company. The different ratios which are included in such category along with their respective industry average is given below: GCEM Average Ratios (4) ? Industrial Average ((1)+(2)+(3)+(5))/4 Status (Risky or Health?) 1- Times Interest Earned 13.439 64.294 Risky 2- Fixed Charge Coverage 13.439 64.294 Risky 3- Debit Ratio 0.145 0.382 Health 4- Debt/Equity Ratio 0.172 29.874 Health 5- Debt to Tangible Net Worth Ratio 0.172 29.884 Health 6- Operating Cash Flow/Total Debt 0.320 0.165 Risky Figure 1: (Table Showing Long-term Debt Paying Ability ratio and their Industry Averages) Source: (Created by the Author) Time Interest Earned: It is a ratio which measures the ability of the company to meet the interest requirements of the debt which is taken by the business (Fracassi, 2016). Another name for Times interest earned is interest coverage ratio. In the case of GCEM, the time interest earned is very low as compared to the companys average. The situation as shown in the table is risky for the company and hence the company needs to improve the ratio and avoid risks. Fixed Charge Coverage: This ratio is the measure of the ability of the firm to meet the fixed expenses of the business in an effective manner before incurring any interest expense and tax expenses. In general, it is more or less an extension of the Times Interest earned. As shown in the table above fixed charge coverage should be a bit higher and also close to the industry averages. The company however has a low fixed charge coverage which indicates that the company is unable to effectively meet the fixed expenses of the company. Debt Ratio: Debt ratio is the measure of the amount of debt capital which is used by the business in the capital structure of the company. In the case of the company the debt ratio is 0.145 which is much less than industry average. This is a favorable status as most business likes to keep their debt ratio to a minimum so as there is lower amount of risk in the business. Debt to Equity Ratio: The debt equity ratio of any company analyzes the capital structure of the company on the basis of which the company is operating. Debt equity ratio is an important indicator as to how the business is performing (Heikal, Khaddafi Ummah, 2014). In the case of the company, the debt equity ratio is much lower than the result which is depicted in the industry averages. It is considered from the perspective of the risks which are associated with debts the lower are the ratios the more favorable is the business. As per the table which is shown above the debt equity ratio is much less than the industry average and therefore it is considered to be favorable. Debt to Tangible net worth ratio: It is a measure of the level of creditors protection in case of insolvency of the business. In the above table it is shown that the debt to tangible net worth of the company is 0.172 which is lower than the industry average and it is showing a favorable result as per the concerns of the company. Operating Cash Flow/ total debt: This ratio depicts the relationship between the operating cash flow of the company and total debt of the company which is shown in the balance sheet of the company (Higgins, 2012). In the case of GCEM, the operating cash flow by total debt of the company is showing unfavorable results and the company needs to improve this ratio and make it favorable again. Profitability Ratio The profitability ratios of the company are the measure of the profitability of the company which can be related to gross profit, operating profit and net profit. The profitability ratio of the company also includes ratio like return on equity, return on assets and other significant ratios (Komala Nugroho, 2013). The profitability ratio of any company is considered to be important as they are most looked out for in the financial reports of the company. The table which depicts the profitability ratio along with the industry averages of the same for GCEM is given below: GCEM Average Ratios (4) ? Industrial Average ((1)+(2)+(3)+(5))/4 Status (Risky or Health?) 1-Net Profit Margin 0.050 4.236 Risky 2-Total Asset Turnover 0.435 0.326 Health 3-Return on Assets 0.021 0.069 Risky 4-Operating Income Margin 0.017 4.582 Risky 5-Operating Asset Turnover 0.966 1.495 Risky 6-Return on Operating Assets 0.004 2.248 Risky 7-DuPont Return on Operating Assets 0.004 2.248 Risky 8-Sales to Fixed Assets 0.800 0.661 Health 9-Return on Investment 0.038 0.114 Risky 10-Return on Total Equity 0.026 5.528 Risky 11-Return on Common Equity 0.038 0.436 Risky 12-Gross Profit Margin 0.077 0.296 Risky Figure 2: (Table showing Profitability ratio and their industry averages) Source: (Created by the Author) Net profit Margin: The net profit margin of the company measures the net profit which is earned by the company in relation to sales of the company (Agha, 2014). The net profit margin of the company as shown in the table above is very low as compared to the industry average of the company. This is not a good indicator for the company as the company needs to have a better net profit margin as it is one of the crucial financial and performance indicator of the company. Thus, as shown by the table above the results of the company is risky. Total Asset turnover ratio: The ratio measures the ability of the business to generate sales with the use of assets which the company has. The ratio basically establishes a relation between the sales and the total assets of the company (Delen, Kuzey Uyar, 2013). The asset turnover ratio of the company as shown in the table is more than the industry average and thus the results are favorable in nature. Return on assets: This refers to the profits which can be earned by the business by utilizing the assets of the company. The figure which is shown as the return of asset for the company is 0.21 which is much less than the industry results. The company needs to improve this ratio as it is one of the financial indicators which show whether the company is performing or not. Moreover, as shown in the table above it is unfavorable for the business to have such low return on assets. Operating Income Margin: The operating income margin of the company shows the relationship between the operating profits of the business and overall sales of the business. The operating profit is an extension of the net profit margin of the business. Similar to the results of net profit margin the operating profit margin is also lower than the industry average and is highly unfavorable for the business as indicated in the table above. Operating Asset turnover: The operating asset turnover ratio is an extension of total asset turnover ratio and as per the table the ratio is 0.966 which is much lower than the industry average and hence it is unfavorable. Return on operating assets: This ratio is also an extension of return on assets and measures the profit which can be earned by operating assets of the business. As per the table, the return on operating asset is very low as compared to industry average. Du-Pont Return on Operating assets: The ratio is similar to normal return from operating activities but the formula of Du-Pont is applied on the same. The table show that the result is lower than the industry average of the company and the results are same as the results of return on operating assets of the company. Sales to Fixed Assets: This ratio measures the relation between the sales of a company to the fixed assets of the company. The table shows that the result which is 0.800 which is more than industry average which shows a result of 0.661. Thus, the result of this ratio is favorable. Return on Investment: This is one of the most important indicators for performance measurement of the company. Return on investment measure the amount of profit which is generated from investment (Rehman Takumi, 2012). The return of investment of the company is low in comparison to industry average. The return on investment results of the company is showing unfavorable results (Area, 2014). Return on total equity: it represents the return on the total equity of the business which includes equity as well as preference form of capital (Kabajeh, Al Nuaimat Dahmash, 2012). The result which is depicted in the table show that the results are unfavorable in comparison to industry averages. Return on Common equity: In this case the return from equity shares are only considered and the results show that the company is having unfavorable return on common equity. Gross Margin: The gross margin of the company also depicts similar results as the net profit margin of the company which is unfavorable (Verma et al., 2016). Investor Analysis This measures the ratios which are useful for investors of the company and they are portrayed in a table below: GCEM Average Ratios (4) ? Industrial Average ((1)+(2)+(3)+(5))/4 Status (Risky or Health?) 1-Degree of Financial Leverage 0.948 0.966 Health 2- All-Inclusive Degree of Financial Leverage 0.460 0.723 Health 3- Earnings per Share 0.038 0.379 Risky 4- Price/Earnings Ratio 0.000 0.000 5- Percentage of Earnings Retained 1.314 0.469 Risky 6- Dividend Payout -0.314 0.531 Health 7- Dividend Yield 0.000 0.000 8- Book Value per Share 1.000 0.827 Risky 9- Materiality of Options 0.000 0.000 Figure 3: (Table Showing Investor analysis ratio and their industry average) Source: (Created by the Author) Degree of Financial leverage: The financial leverage is the measure of the firms debt in the capital structure (Ozdagli, 2012). As shown in the table above the financial the results of the ratio is lower than the industry average which is favorable in nature. All inclusive degree of Financial leverage: This ratio is also an extension of the financial leverage of the business and the results which are depicted in the table after comparison is made with the industry average is favorable. EPS: The earning per share of the business is lower than the industry average as shown in the table which is a matter of concern for the company as it is one of the most important indicators of the performance of the company. Percentage of earning retained: This ratio depicts the percentage of retained earnings which the company has been able to save. The table depicts that the retained earnings of the company is more than the industry averages. Dividend Payout ratio: The dividend payout ratio of the company as shown in the table is unfavorable in comparison to the industry averages (Ouma, 2012). Book value per Share: The book value of shares as shown in the table above is more than the industry average and as depicted it is risky for the business. Bankruptcy Prediction (Z score) Altmans Z Score which is used in business can be used by companies in order to predict bankruptcy in the next tow years or not. The formula which is used for the purpose of calculations can be derived from the income statement and balance sheet of the company (Altman et al., 2014). The results of the Z score is obtained with the help of five major ratio of the business which are liquidity, solvency, profitability, leverage and also the probability that he company might be headed towards insolvency (Altman et al., 2017). In the case of GCEM, the Z score of the company is 4.11 which shows that the company is not headed towards insolvency. A score which is below 1.8 suggest that the company is definitely headed towards bankruptcy and a score of above 3 is favorable which the company has obtained. D: Bankruptcy Prediction (Z-score) X1= Working Capital/Total Assets 0.298877776 X2= Retained Earnings/Total Assets 0.389692176 X3= EBIT/Total Assets 0.042016549 X4 = Market Value of Equity/Total Liabilities 4.437301145 X5 = Sales / Total Assets 0.40639165 Z=1.2X1 + 1.4X2 + 3.3X3 + 0.6X4 + 1.0X5 4.111649327 References Agha, H. (2014). Impact of working capital management on profitability.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,10(1). Altman, E. I., Iwanicz?Drozdowska, M., Laitinen, E. K., Suvas, A. (2017). Financial Distress Prediction in an International Context: A Review and Empirical Analysis of Altman's Z?Score Model.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,28(2), 131-171. Altman, E., Iwanicz-Drozdowska, M., Laitinen, E., Suvas, A. (2014). Distressed Firm and Bankruptcy Prediction in an International Context: A Review and Empirical Analysis of Altman's Z-Score Model. Area, M. C. (2014). Return on Investment. Delen, D., Kuzey, C., Uyar, A. (2013). Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), 3970-3983. Delen, D., Kuzey, C., Uyar, A. (2013). Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), 3970-3983. Fracassi, C. (2016). Corporate finance policies and social networks.Management Science,63(8), 2420-2438. Heikal, M., Khaddafi, M., Ummah, A. (2014). Influence analysis of return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM), debt to equity ratio (DER), and current ratio (CR), against corporate profit growth in automotive in Indonesia Stock Exchange.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(12), 101. Higgins, R. C. (2012).Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kabajeh, M. A. M., Al Nuaimat, S. M. A., Dahmash, F. N. (2012). The relationship between the ROA, ROE and ROI ratios with Jordanian insurance public companies market share prices.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2(11), 115-120. Komala, L. A. P., Nugroho, P. I. (2013). The Effects of Profitability Ratio, Liquidity, and Debt towards Investment Return.Journal of Business and Economics,4(11), 1176-1186. Ouma, O. P. (2012). The relationship between dividend payout and firm performance: a study of listed companies in Kenya.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,8(9). Ozdagli, A. K. (2012). Financial leverage, corporate investment, and stock returns.The Review of Financial Studies,25(4), 1033-1069. Rehman, A., Takumi, H. (2012). Determinants of dividend payout ratio: Evidence from Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE).Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business Research,1(1), 20-27. Verma, S., Kim, B., Jhong, H. R., Ma, S., Kenis, P. J. (2016). A Gross?Margin Model for Defining Technoeconomic Benchmarks in the Electroreduction of CO2.ChemSusChem,9(15), 1972-1979.

How does Mary Shelly create sympathy for the creature Essay Example For Students

How does Mary Shelly create sympathy for the creature? Essay In the beginning of the novel, the epistolary stage, we are initially brought to believe that Captain Walton and Victor Frankenstein are the two main protagonists, whereas Victors creation, the monster, is portrayed as a demon and a creature that deserves little sympathy. But, as the novel progresses we begin to develop an understanding with the monster and we realise he himself is worthy of much more and Victor and Walton quite the opposite. The novel opens, and effectively closes, with the narration of Walton on board his ship travelling to the harsh, gothic winter land of the North Pole, at that time unexplored and presumed dangerous by the civilized world. From this location we are also, in succession, given in depth accounts of both Victors and the monsters pasts including their quite harmonic upbringings and devastatingly tragic downfalls. Walton, as I mentioned before, is initially portrayed in his epistolary stage to be the conventional hero, brave, intelligent and passionate, I am practically industrious- painstaking- a workman to execute with perseverance and labour:- but besides this, there is a love for the marvelous, a belief in the marvelous, intertwined in all my projects, which hurries me out of the common pathways of men, even to the wild sea and unvisited regions I am about to explore. But as this character unfolds his true persona we realise his arrogance does not stretch to the levels of charisma but reveal him to be shallow, self-righteousness and extremely self- absorbed. Any sympathy for him could be granted in the realisation that he is ultimately a terribly lonely man. This though is all dashed away along with his protagonist figure as we learn that this loneliness is completely self-imposed and the result of egotism and snobbishness, I shall certainly find no friend on the Wide Ocean, nor even here in Archangel, among merchants and seamen. Frankenstein effectively begins and ends with the sometimes pretentiously grandiloquent language of Captain Robert Walton, Having conquered the violence of his feelings, he appeared to dispise himself for being the slave of passion; and quelling the dark tyranny of despair In the parts of the novel that Walton features in we are only ever given a first person description of him which actually to a degree emphasizes his arrogance and pompousness. If, for example, Walton was described in second person his portrayal could be exaggerated cruelly or kindly. This too though applies to a first person description; the difference though is that you can judge the self-righteousness of Walton just by the language he uses and the self detail he indulges into. He is truly pompous, self-absorbed and shallow, the exact reasons why he is not one of the protagonists. On page 18 he clearly claims, There is something at work in my soul which I do not understand. So this is merely an excuse to validate Waltons acts and in effect Frankensteins because they are doppelgangers of each other. This cannot though entirely justify their obsessive behaviour because, yes although they are young, passionate and ultimately nai ve, this still doesnt change the fact that they are both well educated human beings, ninety percent responsible for their acts and fully conscious of what they are doing to the people they abandon Upon discarding his own creation, acts on the levels of hypercriticism, having been cherished by his own creators; single-mindedness because he does not empathize with the monsters disability and is totally self-absorbed in the notion that he has formed. But this passion, or more accurately obsession for success seems strangely unjustified in that Walton feels that his behaviour is actually out of his control.. What is quite interesting about the two characters though is that they both, upon So arrogant as he is Walton cries out in his letters to his sister, the very stars themselves being witnesses and testimonies of my triumph and whilst formulating his experiment with the instruments of life

All Souls Essay free essay sample

All Souls Essay In the memoir All Souls, by Michael Patrick MacDonald, one significant event that takes place were the busing movements, along with the riots that followed. During the 70s, when Michael was very young and in grade school, the Boston busing crisis began. The Boston government began busing kids to schools in different neighborhoods, in an attempt to desegregate schools. This caused mass outrage in many areas, especially Southie. Outside of Southie and the projects, society expected people accept these changes and to accept the desegregation. But in Michael’s community, everybody was against this, and took violent actions against it. By both his family and his community, Michael was expected to be against the busing movements. As it would turn out, Michael was also against it. He went as far as to throw rocks at the buses coming into his town. He described it as shameful if you did not partake at least a little bit in the violent acts. We will write a custom essay sample on All Souls Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This example of the busing is a great example of how one’s mind is influenced by others. Here, Michael can be influenced by one of two sides; larger â€Å"outside† society telling him to accept the busing, or his family and small community telling him to deny it. I feel as if no matter who or what, one is much more influenced by the ones closest to them, whether it be a close family or a close community. Michael describes in the book that at many points, it feels like it’s Southie vs. the World. And no matter what, as another member of the Southie community, Michael will side with his home.

Free Essays on The Mayor Of Casterbridge

In the Mayor the Casterbridge, Thomas Hardy presents Michael Henchard as a dynamic character, who, over the course of the novel, slowly changes from a selfish prideful young man into a downtrodden poor old man. This metamorphosis can be seen in myriad instances throughout the novel. It is through these instances that we can make the judgement whether Henchard is a dynamic character. Early on in the novel, Henchards exhibits his dynamic nature. For example, in the beginning of the novel, Henchard sells his wife and child, Susan and Elizabeth Jane, to a sailor named Newson, for five guineas, â€Å"I’ve lived with thee a couple of years, and nothing but temper! Now I’m no more to ‘ee; I’ll try my luck elsewhere. ‘Twill be better for me and Elizabeth Jane, both. So, good bye!† (pg 10-11). Later on in the novel, when Henchard and his estranged family reunite for the first time in eighteen years, Henchard sends Susan and Elizabeth Jane a letter with five guineas contained within (pg 65). In effect, Henchard is buying his family back again. This act cements Henchard as a dynamic character, for though the actions are very similar, he does them for completely opposite reasons. In the first instance, Henchard uses the five guineas to sell his family, while in the second he uses the money to persuade his family to rejoin him. In th is way, Henchard can be seen as a dynamic character, for he has changed from a man concerned only about his own comfort to a man who cares about others. Secondly, Henchard finally confesses to his past, an act that a static character would find impossible. Throughout his solitary life in Casterbridge, Henchard is quite unforthcoming about his life’s history. It is only until the furmity woman makes an appearance in Casterbridge that some of Henchard’s past history is finally uncovered (pg 212). Through the unveiling of his past deeds, Henchard once again is able to be classified as a dynamic chara... Free Essays on The Mayor Of Casterbridge Free Essays on The Mayor Of Casterbridge In the Mayor the Casterbridge, Thomas Hardy presents Michael Henchard as a dynamic character, who, over the course of the novel, slowly changes from a selfish prideful young man into a downtrodden poor old man. This metamorphosis can be seen in myriad instances throughout the novel. It is through these instances that we can make the judgement whether Henchard is a dynamic character. Early on in the novel, Henchards exhibits his dynamic nature. For example, in the beginning of the novel, Henchard sells his wife and child, Susan and Elizabeth Jane, to a sailor named Newson, for five guineas, â€Å"I’ve lived with thee a couple of years, and nothing but temper! Now I’m no more to ‘ee; I’ll try my luck elsewhere. ‘Twill be better for me and Elizabeth Jane, both. So, good bye!† (pg 10-11). Later on in the novel, when Henchard and his estranged family reunite for the first time in eighteen years, Henchard sends Susan and Elizabeth Jane a letter with five guineas contained within (pg 65). In effect, Henchard is buying his family back again. This act cements Henchard as a dynamic character, for though the actions are very similar, he does them for completely opposite reasons. In the first instance, Henchard uses the five guineas to sell his family, while in the second he uses the money to persuade his family to rejoin him. In th is way, Henchard can be seen as a dynamic character, for he has changed from a man concerned only about his own comfort to a man who cares about others. Secondly, Henchard finally confesses to his past, an act that a static character would find impossible. Throughout his solitary life in Casterbridge, Henchard is quite unforthcoming about his life’s history. It is only until the furmity woman makes an appearance in Casterbridge that some of Henchard’s past history is finally uncovered (pg 212). Through the unveiling of his past deeds, Henchard once again is able to be classified as a dynamic chara... Free Essays on The Mayor Of Casterbridge In Thomas Hardy’s novel, The Mayor of Casterbridge, the fruit of cruelty and insensitivity appear throughout the novel. Hardy portrays this fact through most of his characters, including the novel’s protagonist, Michael Henchard. Henchard displays his insensitivity when he shuns Elizabeth-Jane Newsome; he discovers that she is not his biological daughter. In addition to the cruelty and insensitivity of the novel’s protagonist, Hardy’s portrayal of Joshua Jopp, the townspeople, and Elizabeth-Jane, show signs of cruelty and insensitivity at times. Joshua Jopp, a corn-factor in Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge, shows his ability to be cruel and insensitive in the novel. Jopp first show signs of cruelty and insensitivity when he joins Michael Henchard, the Mayor, in a plot to cripple Donald Farfrae’s business. Donald Farfrae, who wins the love of the people because of his ability to work the agricultural resources, takes Jopp’s position a s the town’s corn-factor earlier in the novel. Jopp, obviously still upset about past events, gladly conspires to take him down. He and Henchard make a plan, which involves a weather prophet, who prophesizes that the weather would be bad for corn-growth in Casterbridge. Upon the hearing of this news, Henchard, with Jopp’s consultant, decides to store up all the corn. After the plan fails (the weather was good and Farfrae’s crop prospers) however, Henchard, of course fires Jopp. Jopp vows to get Henchard back and gets his chance when the ex-mayor has to live with him. Henchard asks Jopp to deliver a package, which contains the secrets of Henchard’s past relationship with Lucetta Templeman, wife of Donald Farfrae. Jopp, who is unaware of the contents of the package, decides to look in the package, and when he does, decides to be cruel and insensitive for the final time. He takes the contents of the package, which were love letters written form Lucetta to He nchard, and reads them to the ...

Scientific Publications Exercise Research Paper

Scientific Publications Exercise - Research Paper Example ar dynamics simulations have shown that interactions of lipid head groups with the protein is with the help of weak charge and hydrogen bond interactions. A set of exchange reactions governs the effective binding of lipid molecules usually defined by equilibrium constant. Thus the annular site on a protein membrane bilayer containing PC and PS mixture would be occupied by either a PC or a PS molecule Author were trying to prove that the anionic lipids could significantly effect the functioning of channels. This is evident from the explanations on the lipid phosphatidylserine which made the channels active irrespective of phosphatidylcholine being present in large numbers. The conclusion is inadequate to establish their claims. Though the author is of the opinion that binding to large charge clusters could influence the anionic lipids on the channel function , they also believe that the collective influence of the physical properties of the lipid layer cannot be ruled out. It was suspected earlier that an infectious agent was associated with the initiation of cancer in any normal cell. After one hundred years of research it is established that the viral, bacterial or a parasitic infection had a definite role in the human carcinogenesis. Further, the estimates have shown that the proportion of vulnerable cancer cases could also be reduced to a level of 20 percent if particular infectious agents could be eliminated. The enquiry to explore where the infectious agent causing cancer is partially answered in the case of Merkel cell carcinoma. Some of the carcinoma condition was developed after having infected with epidemic like AIDS. The research results presented in this paper explain that just detecting the microbial genome cannot confirm the incidence of cancer. Also, it is proposed that no one can infect a person with the causative agent and then wait for any signs of incidence of cancer. Thus the authors confirm that the evaluation method that assigns specific

The Problem Of Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Problem Of Planning - Essay Example In statistical terms, random sample means the set of items that are drawn from a large set of items (population) and it is the subset of the population. The method of sample satisfies the criterion of randomness, that is, each item has equal chance to be drawn or selected. The only factor an item to be selected is mere chance. But in order to ensure the equal chance to all items, once an item is selected, it should be replaced by the population. If the population consists of heterogeneous subgroups or different strata, it would be advisable to sample each subpopulation (stratum) separately. Stratification is the process of grouping members into relatively homogenous groups. The random sampling is applied within each stratum. This method of random sampling from different strata improves the representative nature of the sample by reducing the sampling error. The sample size is the number of observations that constitute the sample and it is normally represented by an integer (positive number). The sample size is determined by a number of factors like convenience, time, money and the purpose of the study. But in many cases, the decision of sample size becomes confusing. Though the published literature on this issue is not very much rich in comparison to its importance, there are articles and books which are concerning the sample size determination. Some of them are Kraemer and Thiemann (1987), Cohen (1988), Lipsey (1990), Shuster (1990), and Odeh and Fox (1991). Determining Sample Size is such an important issue that the reliability of the results mainly depends on this. The decision of how large would be a sample is so important that it enables the statistical judgments would be accurate and reliable. For this, the sample size should not be too small or too large.

American us history to 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American us history to 1877 - Essay Example While it could be expected for the government and the system to have certain rights associated with liberty and life, yet the King of Britain was found to incorporate laws that completely restricted the freedom of the colonies of the United States, and the colonies had been patiently suffering. The King had refused his assent to laws that were needed for the benefit of the public as a whole. He also didn’t allow his Governors to pass those laws that were more important needed immediate attention (The Declaration of Independence). The King restricted the accommodation of people from large districts and would allow them only if they renounced the right of representation in the legislature. He chose unusual and uncomfortable locations that were far away from the depository of public records for meetings with legislative bodies intending to exhaust them by making them comply with his measures. He obstructed the laws for Naturalization of Foreigners preventing the population of the States. Not only these, he also affected the independence of the military and civil power (The Declaration of Independence). Considering these above mentioned activities of the King, the Declaration of Independence was written to explain these reasons that restricted the independence of the States and that the States wanted to take measures against such tyranny of the King of Britain. The Representatives of the United States of America thus assembled to the Supreme Judge of the world and wanted their intentions to be supported that were meant for the good of the public in general giving them the right to be free and independent (The Declaration of Independence). From the above study, it could thus be learnt that the Declaration of Independence was written in order to reach out to the common mankind with the injustice and tyranny that they were been targets of under the rule of the then

Nursing, ethics and sociology

Nursing, ethics and sociology Introduction: In this essay, I will discuss several issues that seem to bind nursing practice with questions of ethics, sociology and management. Reflective practice is an important aspect of nursing management and in this essay we discuss implications of discrimination in nursing care and examine the importance of anti-discriminatory perspectives in nursing. In this paper, the case study I will elaborate is of an elderly woman who was of a non-British ethnic origin and spoke little English. A junior nurse visited her home to provide care but her attitude towards the patient has been discriminatory and abrupt, a situation that calls for serious reflection on the issues of racial discrimination at the clinical setting. The patient was apparently treated with leg ulcer. The questions that have to be considered here are: Where in the observation did discrimination occur and how this could have affected the delivery of care given? And how has discrimination influenced the lady’s care? The concept of anti-discriminatory practice as a contemporary issue within adult nursing is discussed here considering observational evidence and similar case studies. Reflection in Nursing: Reflective practice in nursing is guided by models of reflection. Reflective practice model serves as a framework within which nursing or other management professions can work. Reflective practice model is also a structural framework or learning model that serves the purposes of a profession and is particularly applicable to health related professions. Any portfolio of practice includes a model of reflection as reflection helps in determining what was positive or negative or a learning experience within the profession. Reflective practice highlights the importance of learning from experiences after thinking about it and relates the practical experiences to the theoretical learning approaches. The four important reflective models that form part of the clinical and nursing portfolio are: Gibbs Model of Reflection 1988 Kolb’s Learning Cycle – 1984 John’s Model of Reflection – 1994 Atkin and Murphy’s Model of Reflection 1994 Theoretical Framework: Gibbs Model of reflection is shown in a cyclical manner and is represented a follows: Gibbs model of reflection (1988) Given by Gibbs, 1988. Source: CPSU, 2005 Unlike Gibbs’ model that has five stages, Kolb’s Learning cycle with four stages is shown as follows: Source; CPSU, 2005 In the Gibbs’ model, the event is reflected upon and includes a description of what happened followed by feelings about the situation, and reflection on what the thoughts and feelings were at that time upon being into the situation. The nursing professional then personally evaluates whether the experience has been good or bad for her and analyses whether she can make any sense to the situation. The conclusions are drawn depending on alternative and what else could have been done with the situation and what were the other options available to tackle the situation better or more appropriately. Proposed and future action plan is thought of and how the situation will be acted upon in the future is also determined. Kolb’s model however stresses on the importance of generalizations of concrete experiences testing the implications in similar situations. Whereas John’s model of reflection emphasizes on the stages of description of the event, reflection on what was aimed at, the factors influencing strategies, alternative strategies to what have been used, and learning from the experience, Atkin’s and Murphy’s model of reflection is on analysis and identification of the learning experience and action planned based on awareness and evaluation of this relevance of knowledge. Considering these models of reflection, we will use only the more popular Gibbs model to evaluate the case study discussed here and the situation of discrimination against the elderly lady Mrs. B as observed. Background and Literature Survey: The importance of reflection as part of the learning experience and using reflection as a means of improving one’s professional skills and future performance by evaluating the situation and the mistakes has been emphasized in many professions including teaching and nursing. In the Kolb cycle, reflective observation is the second phase. Reflection in action or while doing something in the job and reflection on action or some form of evaluation after the job is done, are included within reflective practice. Reflection includes several phases from simple problem solving of individual cases, to analysis of the situation considering relevant literature as well as broader social and political factors. Gustaffsson and Fagerberg (2004) emphasizes on the advantages that could be gained from reflection mainly among registered nurses or RNs. They examine the questions on the implications of nurses’ reflections, the subject matter of their reflection and how they are able to deal with their reflection and how they improve their professional approach through reflection. The authors describe the experiences of the nurses and their reflection in relation to the nursing situations to understand how the nurses use reflection in their daily work. The study included interviewing four registered trained nurses and the qualitative differences of the nurses reflective experiences were categorized. One of these is the category of reflection itself; but the ethical considerations within the nursing care situation and consequence of facing the situation or meeting the requirements of empathy or professional development are also important. The nurse attitudes and opinions on their reflective p ractice, what they thought about the situation and how they feel they will control similar future situations serves a model of future professional development. Gustaffson and Fagerberg point out that reflective practice has relevance for clinical practice as by understanding the contents of nurses’ reflections, it is also possible to understand the advantages of reflective practice and how and when such measures should be used by the nurses for further professional development. Fairley (2005) gives a consultant nurse’ perspective of a clinical role in critical care unit that has evolved as a central feature of all surgical high dependency units (SDHU) in large teaching hospital trusts. Advanced nursing practice is perceived not as the acquisition and application of technical procedures which are usually undertaken by doctors, but also an integration of medicine and nursing where holistic nursing assessment and symptom focused physical examination go hand in hand. Fairley presents a reflective account of practical problems encountered relating to role integration, professional autonomy, legal and consent issues, non-medical prescribing, and role evaluation (Fairley, 2005). The paper successfully describes a model of nursing applied to high dependency units integrating the role of the advanced nurse practitioner within the medical and clinical team an reflective practice plays an important role by being the main method of evaluation of a consultant nur se’ perspective. In a study on the importance of reflective practice in family care, Peden-McAlpine (2005) discusses the design, evaluation and outcomes of a reflective practice intervention (RPI) that was used to train critical care nurses on how to incorporate family intervention into their nursing practice. The benefits and problems of reflective practice are many and most beneficial aspects include improvement of professionalism and better ability to tackle similar situations leading to professional development through experience in nursing. Reflective practice is of experiential nature, it relates to a nurse’s experience and learning from the experience. In the study discussed by Peden-McAlpine, interviews were conducted with eight staff nurse participants after the training of RPI to determine changes in family practice when reflective practice was used. Three essential themes were identified on analysis of the interview texts and the authors have given the three themes relating to exper iences in nursing after participating in the RPI program as follows: (1) acknowledging, re-framing preconceived ideas about families, (2) recognizing meaning of family stress, and (3) incorporating family into nursing care (Peden-McAlpine et al, 2005). The reflective practice intervention program practices by nurses helped them to change their attitudes towards critical care especially in family and enhanced their communication and ability to build proper relationships with families bringing in a new way of understanding family stress or appreciating family values. The nurses thus had a new perspective of family system after their training of reflective practice on family critical care. Considering the benefits of changing nursing attitudes and developing professionalism through reflective practice, many authors have emphasized the need to use reflective practice as a training method within nursing education. Chabeli and Muller (2004) use a qualitative contextual and exploratory descriptive design for theory generation that was used to develop model facilitating reflective thing in clinical nursing education. The authors cited Wilson (1963 and Gift (1997) who provided a theoretical framework for a concept analysis of reflective thinking in nursing education. The paper also gives the case o 12 nurse educators who participated in a focus group interview on how reflective practice can be facilitated in clinical nursing education and the consensus was for a classification of reflective practice recognizing the main elements of practice and a deductive analysis and synthesis after conceptualization of each main concept. The importance of a conceptual meaning has been hig hlighted as theories with well-defined concepts and elements could facilitate reflective practice and can form an important part of clinical nursing education. Guidelines could be developed according to the theoretical framework of reflective practice and can give a new direction nursing education. In a later study, Chabeli and Muller also provided a model of reflective practice that could be used as a theoretical framework in nursing education. However, the authors suggest that ‘ Reflective thinking has become a popular word in nursing education world wide, but its meaning and effective use remains debatable because of lack of clarity in its meaning’ (Mackintosh, 1998:553 cited in Chabeli and Muller, 2004). Case study: The case of our elderly patient Mrs. B suggest that the nurse’s discrimination and ill behavior against the woman, relates to discriminatory practice, something that could be and should be stopped using reflective practice (also see Sheffield et al, 1999). The junior nurse in charge who was responsible for such an incident was given reflective practice as a framework for professional development. She was recommended to go through the Gibbs model of reflection in which she analyzed how and why she behaved the way she did, what she will do in future situations and how she learnt from the experience to not repeat her discriminatory behavior in the future. The implications are that the behavior of the nurse has led to poor quality of care delivery to the patient. The junior nurse who treated Mrs. B badly was recommended to go through reflective practice intervention to change her attitudes towards other races and ethnic minorities. According she participated in reflective practice sessions when she verbally as well as in writing had to describe the events in which she engaged in discriminatory practice and also evaluated her responses and indicated her future course of action and other alternatives for similar situations. Conclusion: In this essay I discussed the implications of reflective practice in nursing considering the theoretical frameworks of reflective practice. All the main models of reflective practice have been discussed and the models were used to consider a discriminatory case of an elderly patient who was wronged by a junior nurse. The patient was being treated for leg ulcer and was reportedly badly and disrespectfully treated by the nurse. The nurse was asked to go through reflective practice and mainly using Gibbs model of reflection, had to complete an exercise in which she described the event, indicated her feelings of the event, evaluated whether it was a good or bad experience, analyzed her own response to the situation, concluded what else she could have done for the situation and finally drew up an action plan for future similar circumstances. Bibliography: Atkins, S. and Murphy, K. (1994) Reflective Practice. Nursing Standard 8(39) 49-56 Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Further Education Unit, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford Johns, C. and Graham, J. (1996) Using a Reflective Model of Nursing and Guided Reflection. Nursing Standard 11 (2) 34-38 Haddock, J. and Bassett, C. (1997) Nurses Perceptions of Reflective Practice Nursing Standard 11(32) 39-41 Kolb, D.A. (1984) Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Prentice Hall, New Jersey Schon, D.A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. Temple Smith: London Sheffield J, Hussain A, Coleshill P. Organizational barriers and ethnicity in the Scottish NHS. J Manag Med. 1999;13(4-5):263-4. Smith A, Jack K. Reflective practice: a meaningful task for students. Nurs Stand. 2005 Mar 9-15;19(26):33-7. Moeti MR, van Niekerk SE, van Velden CE. Perceptions of the clinical competence of newly registered nurses in the North West province. Curationis. 2004 Aug;27(3):72-84. Chabeli M, Muller M. A model to facilitate reflective thinking in clinical nursing education. Curationis. 2004 Nov;27(4):49-62. Peden-McAlpine C, Tomlinson PS, Forneris SG, Genck G, Meiers SJ. Evaluation of a reflective practice intervention to enhance family care. J Adv Nurs. 2005 Mar;49(5):494-501. Chabeli M, Muller M. Reflective thinking in clinical nursing education: a concept analysis. Curationis. 2004 Nov;27(4):37-48. Fairley D. Discovering the nature of advanced nursing practice in high dependency care: a critical care nurse consultants experience. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2005 Jun;21(3):140-8. Epub 2004 Dec 8. Somerville D, Keeling J. A practical approach to promote reflective practice within nursing. Nurs Times. 2004 Mar 23-29;100(12):42-5. Clouder L, Sellars J. Reflective practice and clinical supervision: an interprofessional perspective. J Adv Nurs. 2004 May;46(3):262-9. Gustafsson C, Fagerberg I. Reflection, the way to professional development? J Clin Nurs. 2004 Mar;13(3):271-80. For diagrams, see Clinical Placements Support Unit – UCE Birmingham http://www.hcc.uce.ac.uk/cpsu/

Does The State Overstep Its Legitimate Function When It Prohibits Abortion :: essays research papers

Whether abortion is immoral or not, the state oversteps it’s legitimate function when it prohibits abortions. Here’s why:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the state oversteps its boundaries and prohibits abortions it is denying our personal freedoms. We have the right to choose our own religions, jobs, schools and many other examples. But why can we not choose to have a baby aborted if we feel it’s necessary. For example, if a young lady in high school unfortunately gets pregnant, she should be able to make the decision to either have the baby or decide that she’s not ready to birth a child and have it aborted. Some people might say she should not have that choice, but who are they to make that decision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In another case were the state oversteps it legitimate function when it prohibits abortions, is when a woman has been raped. With this circumstance should the woman be forced to have a kid that she did not want in the first place? If a woman is raped she should be able to choose an abortion because she was violated and has had a personal freedom taken from her already.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people might say, â€Å"It’s not that we don’t like abortion, it’s the issue of safety.† There have been cases of people dying or having serious medical problems due to the abortion procedure. Even with laws in place giving guidelines to doctors on the procedure, some doctors or unlicensed doctors still could injure a person, or even kill them. To think that is ludicrous, because a person could go to a licensed doctor that has statistics of his procedures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other people might say that abortion is murder. Abortion is the killing of a life that is starting to develop into a human being. With this circumstance, abortion should be treated as a crime and a punishment for that crime should be given.

Despite Atwood’s portrayal of Gilead as soulless and destructive she has nevertheless succeeded in giving the reader a sense of optimism

‘The Handmaid's Tale' is set in the futuristic republic of Gilead. Everybody has somebody controlling what they do and only a minority have control over other people. In the first chapter alone we learn of the system of control within the Handmaids' residence. There are the angels, who are responsible for the Aunts, who have responsibility for the handmaids, i. e. the narrator. This system has the sole purpose, reproduction: â€Å"we are for breeding purposes†¦ There is supposed to be nothing entertaining about us, no room is to be permitted for the flowering of secret lusts†¦ We are two-legged wombs, that's all: sacred vessels, ambulatory chalices. † The narrator of takes on a role based on the Biblical story of Jacob's wives; when they failed to conceive, he fathered children by their handmaids. In a world in which the fertility of both sexes has dropped dramatically, it is the role for which young women who have demonstrated their ability to bear children are destined, rather to the chagrin of the Wives who have to house them. For this regime to function effectively it is important that a high level of control is exerted and more essentially, that the people within the regime understand there purpose. They are not there to build relationships, they are there for reproduction and any other aspect of life is irrelevant. Ironically the regime is developed for sex yet any attributes you would normally apply to a sexual relationship have been removed. There is no conversation, no intimacy, no pleasure or appreciation of yourself or your partner; in fact there is no relationship with your partner or anyone else. Physical contact must be kept to what is necessary and the act of sex itself is simply necessary for reproduction. For the regime to work there can be no feelings. To prevent feelings developing within people towards others Gilead works to remove anything that makes the person unique, this is why the regime has been described as â€Å"soulless† as by taking away peoples' personalities you are practically taking away their soul. This is similar to the system in Aldous Huxley's â€Å"Brave New World† where the concept of love has been destroyed. The idea of falling in love with someone has been made almost impossible, as there is no opportunity for this to happen, everybody been made as soulless as possible. There must be no character, individuality or expression of self to avoid people getting into any form of relationship. The women are literally branded with numbers a code that ties them to the regime. They are made to wear uniforms (in describing the uniforms Atwood appears to me making a link to the similarity to the German and Canadian prisoners of war uniforms from World War Two) and are renamed in attempt to completely depersonalise them. They are treated as cattle, as a group with no thought of their own. This leaves the reader questioning their interpretation of the narrator, we sometimes see her as an individual taking minor rebellion against the regime, and yet at other times we see her as one of many that are all in the same helpless situation. The high level of control they hold over their people enhances Gilead's destructive manner. Even the narrator's name â€Å"Offred† has been composed by the regime. The novel explains this unusual noun as being a word â€Å"that is composed of the possessive preposition and the first name of the name of the gentlemen in question. † However most readers pick up on the play on the word â€Å"offered† she is offered around the gentlemen in society. No individual or group is strong enough to overthrow the regime and this is the focal point of the regime's strength. They can enforce and law no matter how unjust because there is no one strong enough to oppose it. However at no point is the reader led to believe that the narrator has given up hope and that there is no purpose for her anymore. This is of a conscious effort by Atwood to create a positive perspective of the situation through her narrative technique, imagery and by surrounding the character with situations where they could potentially rebel. The harsh regime of Gilead is emphasised by Atwood offering the reader a comparison of the narrator's current situation and her previous one, it has been suggested that this is Atwood supporting the theory that fear causes regression, not progression. These comparisons are possible because of the flashback technique that occurs throughout the novel. For example, Offred contrasts the way she used to think about her body to the way she thinks about it now: ‘I used to thin of my body as an instrument, of pleasure, or a means of transportation, or an implement for the accomplish of my will †¦ now the flesh arranges itself differently. I'm a cloud, congealed around a central object, the shape of a pear, which is hard and more real than I am and glows red within its translucent wrapping. Where as in the story, Offred uses the flashbacks as a way of escaping, a more practical level Atwood uses them to reveal to the reader the reasons behind the current situation and how the novel possibly relates to our lives. One critic commented, â€Å"1the essential element of a cautionary tale is recognition†. The reader is very aware that Offred once lived a life similar to their own, this heightens their compassion towards the handmaid's and in some ways the novel acts as a warning, for what could potentially occur in our own future. By allowing us to see Offred's past and compare it with the life she has been forced to live now it is obvious how much destruction the regime has caused. For the novel to progress it is essential Atwood creates optimism, because Offred herself has to say positive in order to cope with the situations, she cannot give up therefore Atwood cannot let the reader think she has given up. Minor acts of rebellion are ways of showing the reader that the system has flaws, there is a gap and if Offered works hard enough she can get through the gaps in the system. For example, no communication is meant to happen between the handmaids and yet Offred and Moira find a way of talking through a hole in the wall, which poses as a hole in the system. However, Atwood creates the feeling of empowerment and hope through these rebellions but she never goes as far as to say there definitely is hope. It is possible that Offred is aware than any act of rebellion is simply a coping tactic and the regime will not fall, she will leave eventually and the regime will go on unshaken. Offred's relationship with the commander acts as â€Å"something else to think about†, as the reader we do not dwell on the state of the society as we are now concerned with the relationship Offred is forming, of course this is due to the narrative style of the novel, we are guided towards thinking about Offred and the commander because that is what Offred is thinking about and we are reading her thoughts, in the form of a dialogue to her audience. However it is ambiguous as the whether the commander forms an attachment with many of his handmaids, so Offred's relationship with Nick is far more pivotal to her story as it is as close as she could have to the sort of relationship she could have formed before the regime, the sort that she had with her husband Luke. The risk she eventually takes with him we know could be the end of her but at the time it's a chance for a better standard of life, of course again this could be perceived as Offred falling under the control of Gilead's regime by going out of her way to have a child and conforming to their rules. Gilead's destructive power is emphasised by showing the extremes it will force people to go to, to succumb to their demands. An essential part to the regime is the fact that everyone is a victim; everybody has had to sacrifice something and give up part of their old life. Even those that still have a small amount of control have given up more than they have gained. Serena Joy is portrayed as a malicious character by Offred, yet she has lost her relationship with her husband, she has no contact with anyone and has to live in a regime that has her husband sleeping with many different women. Atwood uses process and reconstruction when writing and the reader is often reminded that â€Å"truth† is only a matter of the teller's perspective. If the reader is never sure of the true details then they are allowed to picture the worst possible situations, and the best. Time shifts and short scenes add to the ambiguity of the story and the reader may question how factually based the story actually is and how true to life Offred's description of other characters are. Moira is a classic example, it could be she was never as strong or rebellious as Offred claimed she was, she was maybe a role model for Offred and her character was exaggerated because Offred need her role model to be strong. However it is not only the reader that is unsure of the truth, Offred has very little facts at her disposal. The only time the handmaid's are educated is when they are listening to the Bible being read or watching the â€Å"news. † In the same way the Ministry of Truth created the news in George Orwell's â€Å"1984† there is suggestion the news the handmaids are shown is fabricated. By acknowledging this fact Offred has rebelled against the regime. However she also accepts that â€Å"any news is better than none† and she simply has to believe the news because there is nothing else to go by. It is the only source of knowledge. Gilead's controls are so tight she is forced to believe what she hears. This too is similar to â€Å"1984† and the concept created by George Orwell of doublethink which is to acknowledge two conflicting truths at once. Offred accepts the news is probably false and yet she also believes it is true because she has to. This is similar to the relationship between the reader and the narrator; we accept that what here cannot be entirely true yet we have to believe it. Offred herself does not know what has happened to her daughter or her husband therefore she is able to cling on to the hope that they are alive, as it has not been confirmed otherwise. The reader does the same with Offred's existence at the end of the novel, we hope she is alive and the ambiguity of the ending allows us to do so. Quite often in the novel Atwood creates a sense of hope later to take it away again, or create optimism with an underlying tone of doubt. When Offred discovers the note in the cupboard â€Å"nolite te bastardes carborundorum† she is filled with hope, reading it as a message left for her by the last person that lived here, she is reading which she is not allowed to do as language has been abolished and this all adds to the positive feeling of going against the regime. However Offred then builds up the message to by more significant than it is and is let down when the commander translates it as â€Å"don't let the bastards grind you down. At the end, we discover that Offred's story was not founding the form of a manuscript but as a recording on a cassette player. This is confusing for the reader as the strict structure of the regime would not have made it possible to have access to a cassette player. One suggestion is that Offred did escape and managed to record her story at a later point. However even if Offred had been writing this would have been a constant form of rebellion, as language had been abolished. It has been suggested that Offred's storytelling is an act of resistance to Gilead, just as her tale itself is an act of resistance to masculinist fiction conventions, including that archetypal patriarchal text, the Old Testament. In many ways the historical notes are more essential to the meaning of the novel than Offred's story. On a positive note, the historical notes assure the reader that the regime of Gilead was overthrown and society returned to normal, Offred's story has been found in the form of cassette recordings, this suggests she did escaped and managed to get her writing on to tape. However, Offred's story is found but it is not heard or understood. Male historians have tried to impose their perception of it on to it and created a title for it. The regime has apparently not changed their sexist attitudes, history has taught them nothing. The professors are abusing Offred as Gilead did by removing her authority from the telling of her own story, they seem more worried at the fact there is nothing more about the Commander and his true identity. Ironically he does just what Offred predicts would happen to the story of the Handmaid's â€Å"from the point of view of future history, we'll be invisible. The modern day historians have depersonailised her just as much as the regime did by taking away her voice and forcing reader is brought into a second vision of the future and is forced to judge what they have just read. Atwood's historical notes satirise American society as it stands today, where as Gilead is based on an international range of models, which include not only historical examples but contemporary political carnage in Iran, Latin America and more recently Iraq and Afghanistan. Denay Nunavit† (deny none of it) seems to be Atwood's message out of the past to the future, giving the reader a sense of shared moral responsibility for our own futures. This is effective as the pre Gilead society is very similar to our own society today. The novel was first published in 1986 â€Å"the age of the R – strain syphilis and Aids epidemic† Aids had just being brought to the publics attention and there was a massive campaign to prevent it's spread. A second reason we are given for the need of a society such as Gilead was â€Å"various nuclear power plant accidents†¦ hemical and biological warfare, stock piles and toxic waste disposal sites† all readers will recognise these issues and can map them on to real life incidents such as Chernobyl. Similarly to â€Å"1984,† Atwood's novel seems to be an extension of real fears her audience would have had. This was noted by one reader who commented that: â€Å"what is especially meaningful is the fact that the book was published in the 80's, long before many of the concepts were as relevant as they are now. 2 Ironically once the regime has been abolished there is no longer the optimistic tone in Atwood's writing, suggesting that even though Gilead was destructive, the intention of the society was good and there was room for hope, however we can now see that life after Gilead reverted to pre Gilead ways and there has been no progression, development of understanding a nd this is a far more negative situation to be faced because it suggests man will never learn.

World lit blood wedding Essays

World lit blood wedding Essays World lit blood wedding Paper World lit blood wedding Paper which gives the reader background information and adds to the grim aspect of the work. An additional example of the wide use of rooding diction includes a quote by the Girl expressing that We are all burned-out. These very walls shoot flames. This discriptive quote continues to deliver the brooding tone the author is attempting to convey. The main purpose of the brooding atmosphere is to entrap the women as well as the men in their social stereotypes by providing a grim and immovable tone throughout the piece. To continue, Lorcas use of archetypes helps to further the social stereotyping he desires to critique in his piece, Blood Wedding. Lorca uses archetypes in order to eveal each persons attributes solely based on actions, speech and the readers readers previous stereotypes imply certain connections to the reader, such as The Mother, for example; It causes the reader to think about his own mother and those stereotypes associated with that name rather than Just looking at the character as unrelatable or a different individual. By naming the helper Servant instead of giving them a legitimate name you then recognize them as a servant. You immediately understand that it is a woman in a servants role which in turn helps the reader to fill p the remaining details with background information. This causes all of the characters to be filled with their own stereotypes which sets the story in a completely reader-generated setting, Just as Lorca wants. This concept is brought throughout the whole story with almost all of the characters, except for the main antagonist, Leonardo. The reason Lorca gives Leonardo a name and not Just an archetype is to attract attention to him and to discourage the reader from applying their own stereotypes and to allow the author to provide the information necessary to fill the ntistereotypical role of Leonardo. This frequent use of archetypes helps to revolve the story around Leonardo and specifically tell the reader where the attention should be. To continue further, the author implements resolution in order to keep the social stereotypes intact . The resolution traditionally concludes the falling action, and in the case of Blood Wedding, the resolution is extremely important. In the final act of the play, Death, disguised as an old beggar, searches for the men that the bride has become involved with. Leonardo, feeling as though his unhappy love life must be the lame of someone other than himself, he claims Ever since my own wedding day IVe been asking myself night and day who was to blame. And Im always finding somebody new to blame. Because somebody somewhere must be to blame. This helps to explain the character that Leonardo is and has become as he progresses throughout the play. Because the author lets the reader experience Leonardos inner feelings, the reader feels as though he knows Leonardo deeper than the other characters, and therefore is affected deeper after his death. After the climax, when oth the men in The Brides life have been killed, she finds herself lost and alone, almost as if she was being punished for br eaking the social stereotypes that have bound her and her fellow women in society. The reason the author uses resolution is due to the fact that if the play had ended directly after the climax, the story would have lost its true purpose, which is that social stereotypes are necessary to hold society together. In addition to the role the resolution plays in the importance of keeping the stereotypes intact, the mothers change in tone also adds to the esolution of the work in that it adds to the change that occurs after the climax. After the climax, not only does the brides entire character change in that she lost the desire to break the social stereotypes, but the entire diction of the piece also changes. In tis quote by the mother, This knife / Left two men stiffening / With yellow lips. / It barely fits the hand / But slides in cold / Through startled flesh / Till it stops, there, / In the quivering / Dark / Roots / Of the scream. The diction changes from smooth story telling to poetic, staccato greif. This continuation of the resolution to the piece helps to add to his ongoing critique of the stereotypical society that those in Blood Wedding reside in. piece, Blood Wedding, the three crucial techniques that help to develop his ideas the greatest include atmosphere, present in the brooding diction throughout the play, archetype, as shown in The Mother as well as Leonardo, and finally resolution, as seen in the concluding factors that show the punishment The Bride endures for breaking the norm, in order to keep the various social stereotypes that are present in this early 1900s spanish society intact.

Buying Essay

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Back Injuries In Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Back Injuries In Workplace - Essay Example if literature related back belts, on evaluating the adequacy of data in support of the use of back belts in preventing work-related injuries was insufficient to draw any conclusion either in support or against the advantages of using a back belt in a work-related environment. The memorandum also concluded that â€Å"the effectiveness of using back belts to lessen the risk of back injuries among uninjured workers (NIOSH, 1996)† and does not consider back belts to be personal protective equipment as there is no supporting data to indicate the significant reduction of biomechanical loading on the trunk during manual lifting. Also, the popular claims of industrial back belt manufacturers that back belts reduce significantly back injury risk due to changes in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and trunk muscle electromyography (EMG). The claims of popular manufacturers in the market – OK-1 or Valeo or OccuNomix, seem to be focussing on the fact that the back belts work and help prevent workplace injuries by significantly reducing the intra-abdominal pressure or stiffening the spine. Now compare this with the authentic documentation from NIOSH or OSHA or the Surgeon General’s advisory that the efficacy of using back belts in preventing workplace back injuries seems to be almost contradictory. While the manufacturer’s claim efficacy in the usage of their products, there is no scientific evidence to back that claim. Probably this argument could go on and on both from the official front on lack of evidence to prove efficacy and manufacturers claiming efficacy. Taking a side in this argument leaves our organization nowhere near the solution near that is being sought to prevent workplace back injuries. The primary concern with respect to this paper is to prevent injuries and ensure well being of th e employees while ensuring the highest level of productivity for the organization.

Yoko Ono's Relationship with Popular Culture Essay

Yoko Ono's Relationship with Popular Culture - Essay Example The essay "Yoko Ono's relationship with popular culture" investigates the great talent of the famous artist and her role in the context of culture. Paper gives details from her life and activity. It is almost fifty years ago, when people started thinking of Yoko Ono as that woman. She was aged 27 years and lived in New York. Paper discover Yoko Ono's background that partly explains radical works and performances. The performances include ''Cut Piece'' that she did in 1965. It is here that she sat impassively like Bodhisattva, while the audience slowly one by one cut off her clothes. This was an amazing feminist manifesto as by then most people did not know what feminism was. It was about exhibitionism and sex. Similar to her other works she did, it rebuffed parent’s mores in a great way. But in the performance, of importance was the element of ritual violence. This was not like seppuku but a theatrical version of self-sacrifice. This was a recurrent theme around Yoko Ono's pub lic life. Yoko Ono can be considered as a muse. This does not only apply to John Lennon whose devotion and love for her resulted in the most interesting and beautiful artworks of his career. She was a pioneering artist, activist, musician, and feminist. Yoko Ono has influenced to a great extent those artists who are daring enough in pushing at and experimenting the imaginary distinctions and boundaries between media and art forms. Her talent was formidable but the prominent quality in her painting works was her spirit.

The Issue of Remorse on The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Research Paper

The Issue of Remorse on The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Research Paper Example Various studies were conducted about the novel and they discuss the symbols, imageries, issues and parallelisms prevailing in The Scarlet Letter. The critical analysis of the novel would start with a brief biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne and also the significant issues faced by the United States of America in its early years would be analyzed in connection to the story. The main focus is on the issue of remorse faced by the main characters of the novel. Nathaniel Hawthorne came from a famous family living in Salem, Massachusetts. His relatives took care of him when his father died in a voyage. He studied at Bowdoin College together with some famous personalities in literature and politics like Horatio Bridge who became a writer, Jonathan Ciley who became a senator, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow who became a poet, and Franklin Pierce who became a president of the United States. The personalities mentioned helped Hawthorne to get a public sector job. Afterwards he started as a writer when his works imitate the style of Sir Walter Scott and was considered to be his early writing training. The Transcendentalist Movement of Ralph Waldo Emerson influenced Hawthorne by investing in the Utopian community. The Trancendentalist belief rejects formalism as they promote individualism because humans according to them are more than just sensory realm. Individualism and symbolism became prominent in Hawthorne’s later works especially in The S carlet Letter wherein the Transcendentalist ideals clashed against the ideals of the Puritans. The Custom House was written by Hawthorne as a prologue to The Scarlet Letter and also as an autobiographical essay. His published work became possible through the help of his friends. The Scarlet Letter became famous across time since morality, spirituality and identity of the Americans were affected by the Puritans. During the time of Hawthorne, adultery was considered as a taboo because of prevailing rigidity and formality of culture. The novel became popular to people from all ages across time (University of Wisconsin Milwaukee). The Scarlet Letter made its author a famous writer. After seeing the relevance of the novel to the life and time of Hawthorne, going deeper into the summary would link the history to the story. Spirituality, morality and Puritan influence on the early America were reflected in The Scarlet Letter. The novel went against the norms and showed how the dreaded beha vior and beliefs would be turned from weakness into strength. The story started from a prologue that could be considered as a standalone essay. The essay revealed how the novel was written as the narrator mirrored Hawthorne himself. The narrator worked as a surveyor in the customhouse and he found certain documents bundled and contained a piece of cloth shaped into an A. Since the narrator was careless and lost some important documents, he made a story out of the two-hundred-year-old manuscript made by a past surveyor. His creative thinking produced The Scarlet Letter  and the story opened in a Puritan settlement at Boston during the early years of USA. The scarlet letter â€Å"A† labeled on the chest of the protagonist named Hester Prynne symbolized her crime as viewed by the townspeople. She walked out of a prison cell together with her baby named Pearl. She arrived at Boston when her old and scholarly husband sent her there. Her husband was lost in the voyage and was ass umed to be dead. Because of loneliness, Hester engaged in an affair that led to the birth of Pearl. Afterwards the town elders put Hester Prynne to a public confession to reveal the father of Pearl. She did not reveal the name of

How Women Changed During the Civil War Essay Example for Free

How Women Changed During the Civil War Essay The Civil War was a defining moment in American history. It was the event which determined the fate of the nation as the American community was divided into two opposing sides. It was also a time of significant social change. The realm of war previously belonged to the men; it was the male soldiers who fought in the battlefields. However, the Civil War altered the situation. The status of women dramatically changed as they became active participants in the war effort. Indeed, the Civil War opened many opportunities for women and allowed them to be active members of society. This research paper aims to discuss how women changed during the American Civil War, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the said changes. In the 19th Century America, men dominated society and women were regarded as inferior to them. Women lived under the authority of the opposite sex, either that of the father, husband or another relative (Massey, 1994). They were confined in the domestic sphere; their main concerns were their home and family. Women had no voice in the political arena because only the men had dealt with public affairs. Not only was it objectionable for women to fulfill men’s jobs, it was also disagreeable for them to wear men’s clothes (Eggleston, 2003). When the Civil War began, the social lines were blurred. Women suddenly were presented the chance to go beyond their realm and participate in the world of men. They were given roles and jobs that were not accessible to them before. Both the Union and the Confederacy allowed women to take part in the war effort. For the first time, the government allowed women to become doctors and nurses (Eggleston, 2003). Women also served as messengers and spies. Meanwhile, there are also those women whose contributions were domestic in nature; these include cooking, as well as mending and sewing uniforms for the soldiers (Eggleston, 2003; Silber, 2005). These activities may have been the same as those women were tasked to do in the past; however, there was a significant change. Before, women only did those jobs due to the necessity in the household. During the war, the women did those jobs due to the necessity of the nation. Their domestic activities were no longer performed for private purposes; they had become part of the public affairs. However, women were not merely passive participants. They were also directly involved in the war effort as soldiers. The battlefield was reserved for males, but the females eventually found themselves fighting the same war. Women became soldiers by concealing their real identities (Eggleston, 2003). There were many reasons why women opted to disguise themselves as male soldiers. There were those who fought in the war to either escape from their betrothal or to be with their loved ones. Some saw the war as an adventure and craved its excitement. There were others who saw fighting for its financial benefits and the opportunity to better provide for their families. Meanwhile, there were women who took part in the Civil War for more noble reasons; they went to war because they were compelled by duty and patriotism (Eggleston, 2003). Women had to resort to extreme measures to appear like male soldiers. There were women who were immediately discharged because the way they acted revealed their real identities (Eggleston, 2003). Meanwhile, there were women who dramatically changed their actions and behavior before enlistment to successfully disguise themselves. They modified the color of their complexion and learned how to chew tobacco. They used vests with pads to conceal their breasts; the pads also made them seem more bulky and masculine (Eggleston, 2003). Having women disguised as men in war had its share of difficulties. The problems arose from the different toilet habits as well as other personal routines (Eggleston, 2003). Nonetheless, the recruitment of young men in the army proved to be advantageous for the female soldiers. The army consisted mostly of boys, who were still shy and reserved around each other. Most of them were hesitant to relieve themselves in the company of other soldiers; to attend their toilet needs, they had to hide in the woods or others areas which offered privacy. The meek nature of young men was beneficial for the female soldiers because it allowed them to seek privacy without appearing unusual. In addition, the young men of the army have not yet started shaving, so it did not appear unusual for the females if they did not shave (Eggleston, 2003). It is remarkable that women have finally reached the public realm during the Civil War, even if they had to pretend as men to do so. However, that kind of participation had disadvantages. Women who had successfully kept their real identities hidden as part of the army suffered all the difficulties which came with war (Eggleston, 2003). Female soldiers were held captive by their opponents, brought to prison camps and killed in the battlefields. There were those who perished and buried without their real identities discovered. Because women soldiers were not supposed to be fighting in the war, their participation in the war was previously not acknowledged. There were even those who denied the direct involvement of women as soldiers (Blanton, n. d. ). The non-recognition of women fighters in the Civil War prevented the discovery of the total number of female soldiers who offered their services. The numbers available on record are merely estimates. This situation posited a real problem, as it undermined and ignored the contributions of women in the battlefield. During the American Civil War, women changed because they went beyond the roles that were initialed assigned to them. The war effort presented them to enter the public realm of men and participate in it. Women had indeed changed during that time, as they progressed from housewives to participants in war. Women even came in disguise to become soldiers. While it is a great thing that women became active members of the community, some of their contributions were not recognized or accurately recorded because of their secret identities. Nonetheless, this does not diminish that fact that women were a significant part of the American Civil War. References Blanton, D. (n. d. ). Women soldiers and nurses of the American civil war. American Civil War Website. Retrieved March 13, 2009, from http://americancivilwar. com/women/index. html Eggleston, L. G. (2003). Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders and Others. North Carolina: McFarland. Massey, M. E. (1994). Women in the Civil War. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Siber, N. (2005). Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.